What tools are typically used for a physical examination of a dog?

A stethoscope and thermometer are essential tools for conducting a physical examination of a dog. The stethoscope enables the veterinarian or practitioner to listen to the heart and lungs, allowing for the assessment of cardiovascular and respiratory health. This auditory examination can help identify irregular heartbeats, respiratory issues, or other conditions that may require further investigation.

The thermometer, on the other hand, is critical for measuring the dog's body temperature, which is a fundamental indicator of health. Abnormal temperatures can signal infections, inflammation, or other health disturbances, guiding the practitioner in diagnosing potential medical issues.

Other options involve tools or methods that are less common for routine physical assessments. Surgical instruments and X-ray machines are more specific to surgical procedures or advanced diagnostics rather than standard physical exams. A microscope and biopsy tools are used for deeper investigations into specific health concerns, such as analyzing tissues or cells, rather than for initial examinations. Relying only on a leash and muzzle does not provide the necessary information to assess the dog's health status effectively.