Which body systems should be evaluated in a complete physical examination?

In a complete physical examination, it is crucial to evaluate a comprehensive range of body systems to gain a thorough understanding of the animal's overall health. The correct answer includes the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, integumentary, neurological, and urogenital systems, as each plays a vital role in the overall function and well-being of the animal.

By assessing the cardiovascular system, a practitioner can evaluate heart function and circulation. The respiratory system assessment is essential for understanding breathing patterns and oxygenation levels. The gastrointestinal system evaluation helps determine digestive health and any potential issues related to food intake and waste elimination. Similarly, the musculoskeletal system has implications for movement and mobility, while the integumentary system, which includes skin, fur, and nails, can reveal a lot about systemic health. The neurological system assessment is crucial for evaluating brain and nerve function, and the urogenital system review helps assess urinary and reproductive health.

A thorough examination that encompasses all these systems allows for identifying interrelated health issues and ensuring comprehensive care. Ignoring any of these systems could lead to missing underlying medical conditions that could impact the overall health of the canine.